What Are the Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the synovium, the lining of the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and potential joint damage. While the precise cause of RA is unknown, a combination of genetic, environmental, and other factors contributes to its development.

Key Factors Contributing to Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Genetics: A family history of RA or other autoimmune diseases increases risk. Specific genes, such as HLA-DR4, are associated with a higher likelihood of developing RA, though not everyone with these genes will develop the condition. Genetic predisposition often interacts with environmental factors to trigger RA.
• Immune System Dysfunction: In RA, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissues, leading to inflammation. The exact trigger for this abnormal immune response is unclear but likely involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
• Environmental Triggers: Certain factors may initiate RA in genetically susceptible individuals, including:
• • Smoking: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for RA, particularly in those with a genetic predisposition. Smoking cessation is critical to reduce risk and manage symptoms.
  • Infections: While no specific infection is definitively linked to RA, certain viral or bacterial infections may trigger an abnormal immune response in susceptible individuals.
  • Hormonal Factors: RA is more common in women (about 75% of patients are female), suggesting that hormonal changes, such as those during pregnancy or menopause, may play a role.
• Other Risk Factors: Obesity can worsen RA symptoms by putting extra stress on joints. Stress and physical trauma to joints may also contribute to disease onset or flares.

Who Is at Risk?

RA is more likely to affect:

• Women (2–3 times more likely than men)
• People aged 30–50, though it can occur at any age
• Those with a family history of RA or autoimmune diseases
• Smokers or those exposed to environmental toxins 

Can RA Be Prevented?

While RA cannot be fully prevented, you can lower your risk by quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and adopting an anti-inflammatory diet. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent joint damage and improve outcomes. Regular follow-ups with a rheumatologist can help manage the disease effectively.

Talk to Your Rheumatologist

If you have joint pain, swelling, or stiffness, especially in the small joints of the hands or feet, consult a rheumatologist for evaluation. Early intervention with medications, lifestyle changes, and low-impact exercises like walking or swimming can help control symptoms and prevent disability.