Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) doesn't have one single cause. Researchers believe it develops from a mix of genes, immune-system changes and environmental factors. Here's what we know.
1Genetic predisposition
Certain genes, especially some versions of the HLA genes that help guide the immune system, are linked to a higher risk of RA. Having a family member with RA can raise your risk, but most people with these genes never develop it.
2Immune-system dysfunction
RA is an autoimmune disease: the immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the joints (the synovium), causing inflammation, pain, swelling and, over time, possible joint damage.
This immune activity can begin years before symptoms appear, which is why some blood tests can detect RA-related antibodies early.
3Smoking and other environmental triggers
Smoking is the strongest known environmental risk factor for RA, and it can also make the disease more severe. Quitting is one of the best things you can do for your joints.
Other possible triggers being studied include exposure to certain dusts, gum disease and infections.
4Hormonal and other risk factors
RA is two to three times more common in women than men, which suggests hormones may play a role. It most often begins in middle age, though it can start at any age. Obesity is also linked to a higher risk.
5Early evaluation
Early diagnosis and treatment make a real difference. Starting treatment soon after symptoms begin can help control inflammation and prevent lasting joint damage.
If you have joint pain, swelling or morning stiffness that lasts more than a few weeks, talk with your doctor about seeing a rheumatologist.
Sources
Further reading
American College of Rheumatology
Autoimmunity and Triggers
Learn more at ACR (opens in a new tab)This article is general information, not medical advice. Please talk with your provider about your own care.